What is ecological succession?
The gradual and natural process of change in plant and animal communities within a specific habitat over time.
What are pioneer species?
The first organisms to colonize a new habitat, initiating the formation of new communities.
What characterizes a climax community?
A stable, mature community that represents the final stage of ecological succession with no further significant changes.
Name one characteristic of ecological succession.
It promotes diversity among organisms.
What is primary succession?
Succession occurring in areas devoid of biotic communities, such as bare rocks or barren land.
What is secondary succession?
Succession occurring in areas where a community previously existed but was disturbed, leaving behind soil and some organisms.
How does primary succession differ from secondary succession in terms of speed?
Primary succession takes longer to reach a climax community due to the absence of soil, while secondary succession progresses faster.
What role do pioneer organisms play in succession?
They enrich the soil with nutrients, paving the way for other plants and animals to colonize the habitat.
Give an example of a natural event that can initiate primary succession.
Landslides, earthquakes, or hurricanes.
What is dynamic equilibrium in a stable community?
A balance where the community remains relatively stable and self-sustaining.
What are the effects of overcrowding in a habitat?
Space shortage, food scarcity, increased competition, and spread of diseases.
Name an adaptation to avoid overcrowding.
Seed dispersal mechanisms or emigration.
What causes food shortages in an ecosystem?
Overpopulation, poor storage facilities, flooding, and drought conditions.
What are the effects of food shortages on populations?
Increased competition, poor nutrition, and emigration.
What is the pioneer community?
The initial stage of succession in a habitat, usually supporting limited plant and animal life.
What type of plants and animals typically appear after pioneer species?
Ferns, herbs, insects, and worms.
What happens to a habitat as the soil quality improves during succession?
It supports taller plants like shrubs and trees, and higher animals begin to inhabit it.
Name one factor leading to overcrowding.
Increased birth rate (natality) or immigration.
How do forests as climax communities support more complex ecosystems?
They provide diverse habitats, such as nesting sites for birds and shelter for animals.
What is a characteristic of vegetation in a stable community?
It supports the largest and most developed vegetation possible for the habitat.
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